neuropeptide  Alzheimer's disease  ghrelin  neurotensin  pituitary  adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide  neuropeptide Y  substance P  orexin  

A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

Translational Research  Gene Regulation  Lipid Disorder  Membrane Proteins  ABCG5  adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette, subfamily G, member 5  Alb  albumin  BW  body weight  CVD  cardiovascular disease  Cyp2C54  cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily c, polypeptide 54  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  HFD  high-fat diet  KO  knockout  LDL-c  low-density lipoprotein cholesterol  LW  liver weight  MCP-1  monocyte chemoattractant protein-1  mRNA  messenger RNA  NASH  nonalcoholic steatohepatitis  PCR  polymerase chain reaction  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triglyceride  TM6SF2  transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2  TNF  tumor necrosis factor  

Momordica charantia  inter-simple sequence repeat  polypeptide-P  random amplified polymorphic DNA  

IR  insulin resistance  WT  wild type  KO  knockout  TG  transgenic  NTG  non-transgenic  NC  normal chow  HFD  high-fat diet  PPARα  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha  ECM  extracellular matrix  NL  normal liver  NAFLD  non-alcoholic fatty liver disease  H&E  hematoxylin and eosin  ALT  alanine transaminase  AST  aspartate transaminase  ALP  alkaline phosphatase  HMGCR  3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase  LDL  low density lipoprotein  HDL  high density lipoprotein  LDLR  low-density lipoprotein receptor  GPAT  glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase  DGAT  diglyceride acyltransferase  FFA  free fatty acid  SREBP1c  sterol response element binding protein 1c  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  FAS  fatty acid synthase  SCD  stearoyl-CoA desaturase  LXR-α  liver X receptor-α  ARG-1  arginase-1  ABCA  ATP-binding cassette transporter A  ABCG  ATP-binding cassette transporter G  CYP7A1  cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily A, polypeptide 1  AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  IL  interleukin  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor alpha  MCP-1  monocyte chemoattractant protein 1  MRC1  mannose receptor, C type 1  MGL  macrophage galactose-type C-type lectin  JNK  Jun N-terminal kinase  FBG  fasting glucose  HOMA-IR  homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance  GTT  glucose tolerance test  ITT  intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test  Fins  fasting insulin  shRNA  short hairpin RNA  GFP  green fluorescent protein  IRS  insulin receptor substrate  Akt  protein kinase B  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  ATGL  adipose triacylglycerol lipase  ACOX  acyl-coenzyme A oxidase  CPT-1α  carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1-α  LCAD  long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase  MCAD  medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase  UCP  uncoupling protein  FGF21  fibroblast growth factor  PPRE  peroxisome proliferators response element  AUC  area under the curve  IKKβ  inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase beta subunit  Spondin 2  Fatty liver  Insulin resistance  PPARα