A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

A-type procyanidins  Litchi pericarp  Diabetes  Hypoglycaemic effect  ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  AUC  area under curve  DM  diabetes mellitus  ELISA  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  G-6-Pase  glucose-6-phosphatase  GHbA1c  glycated haemoglobin A1c  GK  glucokinase  GLUT2  glucose transporter type 2  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  HOMA-IR  homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance  HPO  hepatic glucose output  INSR  insulin receptor α  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  LPOPC (A-OPC)  oligomeric procyanidins of litchi pericarp  LSOPC (B-OPC)  oligomeric procyanidins of lotus seedpod  OGTT  oral glucose tolerance test  PDH  pyruvate dehydrogenase  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PFK  phosphofructokinase  PK  pyruvate kinase  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  STZ  streptozotocin  T2DM  type 2 diabetes  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triacylglycerol  

CVD  cardiovascular disease  CAD  coronary heart disease  PAH  pulmonary arterial hypertension  MIRI  myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury  TGF-β  transforming growth factor-β  ICAM-1  intercellular adhesion molecule-1  VCAM-1  vascular cell adhesion molecule-1  MCP-1  monocyte chemoattractant protein-1  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  AKT  protein kinase B  AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor-α  JNK  c-Jun N-terminal kinase  VSMC  vascular smooth muscle cell  COX-2  cyclooxygenase-2  PDGF-BB  platelet-derived growth factor-BB  NO  nitric oxide  BNP  brain natriuretic peptide  MetS  metabolic syndrome  SCF  slow coronary flow phenomenon  LV  left ventricular  AMI  acute myocardial infarction  THRT  thyroid hormone replacement therapy  c-IMT  carotid intima-media thickness  DM  diabetes mellitus  IBD  inflammatory bowel disease  CD  Crohn's disease  Omentin  Protective functions  Cardiovascular diseases  

BV-2 cells  Ginsenoside Rg1  lipopolysaccharide  inducible nitric oxide synthase  cyclooxygenase-2  tumor necrosis factor-alpha  interleukin-1 beta  phospholipase C-gamma 1  mitogen-activated protein kinases  extracellular signal regulated kinase1/2  c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein  nuclear factor-kappa B  inhibitor kappa B-alpha  

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