A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

Myocardin  Atherosclerosis  Inflammation  Lipid metabolism  VSMC  Abca1  MYOCD  Myocardin  AS  atherosclerosis  SRF  serum response factor  VSMC  vascular smooth muscle cell  Mrtf-A/B  Myocardin-related transcription factors A/B  Mamstr  Mef2-activating SAP transcriptional protein  SAP domain  scaffold attachment factors A and B (SAF-A and -B), Acinus, and PIAS  MADS  MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, SRF-box transcription factor  TAD  transactivation domain  NTD  N-terminal domain  Arp5  actin-related protein 5  Tead  TEA domain transcription factor  Foxo  forkhead transcription factor  Cdc7  cell division cycle 7  Mef2  myocyte-specific enhancer factor  Nfatc3  nuclear factor of activated T cells c3  hnRNPA1  heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1  Tet2  ten-eleven translocation-2  TGF-β  transforming growth factor-β  URR  upstream repressor region  Klf4  Kruppel-like factor4  PRR  platelet-derived growth factor-BB-responsive region  Pkcα  protein kinase C α  MSCs  mesenchymal stem cells  lncRNAs  long non-coding RNAs  MicroRNAs  small non-encoding RNAs  UTR  un-translated region  Abca1  ATP-binding cassette transporter A1  RCT  reverse cholesterol transport  

SSc  systemic sclerosis  SRC  scleroderma renal crisis  PAH  pulmonary arterial hypertension  SMR  standardized mortality ratio  DNMTs  DNA methyltransferases  SAM  S-adenosyl-methionine  5mC  5-methylcytosine  MBD  methyl-CpG-binding domain  Tet  ten–eleven translocation  HATs  histone acetyltransferases  HDACs  histone deacetylases  MiRNAs  microRNAs  MZ  monozygotic  DZ  dizygotic  MVECs  microvascular endothelial cells  FBs  fibroblasts  JAMs  junctional adhesion molecules  CTGF  connective tissue growth facto  TGF-β  transforming growth factor beta  CCN2  connective tissue growth factor  Fli1  Friend leukemia integration-1  TF  transcription factor  PECAM  platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule  PDGF  platelet derived growth factor  S1P1  sphingosin 1 phosphate  CXCL5  CXC chemokine ligand-5  BMPs  bone morphogenetic proteins  BMPRII  bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor  ET-1  endotheline-1  uPA  urokinase-type plasminogen activator  MBD  methyl-CpG-binding domain protein  ICAM  intercellular adhesion molecule  KLF5  Kruppel-like factor 5  Tregs  regulatory T cells  Runx1  Runt-related transcription factor 1  FOXP3  forkhead box protein 3 gene  ECM  extra cellular matrix  PDGF  platelet-derived growth factor  dSSc  diffuse systemic sclerosis  lSSc  limited systemic sclerosis  PCAF  protein-associated factor  Egr-1  early growth response 1  DDR2  discoidin domain receptor 2  TAB1  TGF-β activated kinase 1 binding protein 1  BAFF  B cell-activating factor  TSP-2  thrombospondin-2  MRTSS  Modified Rodnan total skin score  SDAI  Valentini scleroderma disease activity index  HC  healthy controls  SLE  systemic lupus erythematosus  SSD  scleroderma spectrum disorder  MTX  methylaminopterin  CYC  cyclophosphamide  MMF  mycophenolate mofetil  ACE  angiotensin converting enzyme  NO  nitric oxide  Systemic sclerosis  Epigenetic mechanisms  Biomarker  Therapy  

apo  apolipoprotein  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  HNF-1α,4α  hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α,4α  LRH-1  liver receptor homolog-1  Foxa2  forkhead box A2  PAF  platelet activating factor  LXR  liver X receptor  RXR  retinoid X receptor  FXR  farnesoid X receptor  SHP  small heterodimer partner  S1P  Sphingosine-1-Phosphate  CVD  cardiovascular disease  HDL-C  HDL cholesterol  RCT  reverse cholesterol transport  MHC  major histocompatibility complex class III  TNF  tumor necrosis factor  HRP  haptoglobin-related protein  PON-I  paraoxonase-1  SNP  single nucleotide polymorphism  T1,2D  type 1,2 diabetes  RA  rheumatoid arthritis  ABCA1  ATP-binding cassette transporter A1  PPAR-γ  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ  IL  interleukin  ABCG  ATP-binding cassette sub-family G  CETP  cholesteryl ester transfer protein  SR-B1  scavenger receptor class B member 1  MODY3  maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 3  MUP  major urinary protein  RBP  retinol binding protein  RAR  retinoic acid receptor  TR  thyroid hormone receptor  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  DHC  dihydrocapsaicin  HRE  hormone response element  IGF-1  insulin-like growth factors  PAF-R  platelet activating factor receptor  TGF-α,β  transforming growth factor-α,β  EGF  epidermal growth factor  HGF  hepatic growth factor  VLDL  very low-density lipoprotein  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  ldlr  LDL receptor  ldlr−/−  LDL-receptor deficient  LCAT  lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase  CE  cholesteryl ester  TC  total cholesterol  LDL-C  LDL cholesterol  VLDL-C  VLDL cholesterol  CHD  coronary heart disease  Mets  metabolic syndrome  S1PR  S1P receptor  NF-κB  nuclear factor-κB  NO  nitrogen oxide  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  apoM-TgN mice  mice overexpressing human apoM by approximately two-fold  apoM-TgH mice  mice overexpressing human apoM by approximately ten-fold  apoM−/− mice  apoM-null mice  apoE−/−  apoE-null mice  Apolipoprotein M  Regulation  Function