A1c  glycated hemoglobin  AACE  American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists  ACC  acetyl-CoA carboxylase  ADA  American Diabetes Association  Akt/PKB  tyrosine kinase/protein kinase B  AMP  adenosine monophosphate  AMPK  adenosine monophosphate-activated protein  Ang II  angiotensin II  ATP  adenosine triphosphate  BAT  brown adipose tissue  CHOP  CEBP-homologous protein  CEBP  CCAAT enhancer binding protein  CoA  coenzyme A  DPP  Diabetes Prevention Program  EASD  European Association for the Study of Diabetes  eNOS  endothelial nitric oxide synthase  ER  endoplasmic reticulum  FDA  Food and Drug Administration  FFA  free fatty acid  FOXO1  forkhead box protein O1  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate  GDM  gestational diabetes mellitus  GIPR  glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor  GLP-1R  glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor  GLUT1  glucose transporter-1  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  GLUTs  glucose transporters  G6P  glucose 6-phosphate, glucose transporter-1  GPR40  G protein-coupled receptor 40  HbA1c  hemoglobin A1c  HGP  hepatic glucose production  HSL  hormone sensitive lipase  IL-6  interleukin 6  INS-1  insulinoma cells in rat  IR  insulin resistance  IRS-1  insulin receptor substrate 1  JNK  c-Jun. N-terminal kinase  Kir6.2  inwardly rectifying potassium/kalium channel  LDs  lipid droplets  LDL  low density lipoprotein  LV  left ventricular  MIN6 cells  mouse insulinoma cells  MAPK  mitogen-activated protein kinases  mPTP  mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening  mTOR  mammalian target of rapamycin  NADPH  nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate  NF-kappaB  nuclear factors-kappa B  NIT-1 cells  insulinoma cells  p70S6K  p70 ribosomal S6 kinase  PA  palmitic acid  NOS  NADPH oxidase  p38 MAPK  p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase  PA  palmitic acid  PCOS  polycystic ovary syndrome  PGC-1α  peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g coactivator-1α  PI3K  phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase  PKB  protein kinase B  PKC  protein kinase C  PPARα  peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor α  PTP  permeability transition pore  RCT  randomized controlled trial  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  ROS  reactive oxygen species  SERCA2  reticulum sarcoplasmic Ca2 +-ATPase  RISK  reperfusion injury salvage kinase  Smad3  mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3  SRC-2  steroid receptor coactivator 2  T1DM  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  T2DM  Type 2 diabetes mellitus  TGFβ1  transforming growth factor β1  TLR4  Toll-like receptor  TNF-α  tumor necrosis factor α  TR4  testicular receptor 4  UKPDS  United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study  VLDL  very low density lipoprotein  Metformin  Pancreatic β Cells  Heart failure  Insulin sensitizer  

T1DM  type 1 diabetes mellitus  Treg  regulatory T cells  IL-10  interlerleukin-10  TGF-β  transforming growth factor beta  WC-T1DM  T1DM with complications  WN-T1DM  T1DM with non-complications  CTs  case-control study  Type 1 diabetes mellitus  Regulatory T cells  Transforming growth factor-β  Interleukin-10  Meta-analysis  

Mucin-Type O-Glycans  Mucus Barrier  Ulcerative Colitis  Mouse Model  ASC  apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain  BM  bone marrow  C3GnT  core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase  DKO  double knock-out  IBD  inflammatory bowel disease  IEC  intestinal epithelial cell  IL  interleukin  iNOS  inducible nitric oxide synthase  NLR  Nod-like receptor  qPCR  quantitative polymerase chain reaction  TLR  Toll-like receptor  Tn  Thomsen-nouveau  UC  ulcerative colitis  WT  wild-type  

CRY  cryptochrome  IL  interleukin  TNF  tumor necrosis factor  ICAM-1  intercellular adhesion molecule-1  VCAM-1  vascular cell adhesion molecule-1  NF–κB  nuclear factor  cAMP  cyclic adenosine monophosphate  CLOCK  transcriptional activators circadian locomotor output cycles kaput  BMAL  brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1  PER  Period  VASP  vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein  Sleep deprivation  Cryptochrome  Vascular inflammation  NF-κB  cAMP  PKA  

experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis  interleukin‐1 receptor‐associated kinase‐1  miR‐146a  RNA interference  tumour necrosis factor receptor‐associated factor‐6