A-type procyanidins  Oxidative stress  Glucose homeostasis  Type 2 diabetes  mTOR  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  AUC  area under curve  BAT  brown adipose tissue  FAS  fatty acid synthase  FFA  free fatty acid  FoxO3a  Forkhead box O3a  FoxO1a  Forkhead box O3a  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  GHbA1c  glycated hemoglobin A1c  GK  glucokinase  G-6-Pase  glucose-6-phosphatase  GLP-1  glucagon-like peptide-1  GSH-PX  total glutathione peroxidase  HOMA-IR  homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance  LDHA  lactate dehydrogenase  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  LPOPC  oligomeric procyanidins of litchi pericarp  MDA  malondialdehyde  MnSOD  manganese superoxide dismutase  mTOR  mechanistic target of rapamycin  OGTT  oral glucose tolerance test  PDH  pyruvate dehydrogenase  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PFK  phosphofructokinase  PK  pyruvate kinase  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  S6K1  S6 Kinase 1  PKCβ  protein kinase C β  RTK  receptor tyrosine kinase  SREBP-1c  sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c  ACL  ATP-citrate lyase  ACC1  acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase 1  FAS  fatty acid synthase  SCD1  stearoyl CoA desaturase 1  STZ  streptozotocin  S6K1  S6 kinase 1  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  ROS  reactive oxygen species  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triacylglycerol  STZ  streptozotocin  T-AOC  total antioxidant capacity  T-SOD  total superoxide dismutase  UCP-1  uncoupling protein 1  WAT  white adipose tissue  XOS  xylo-oligosaccharides  

A-type procyanidins  Litchi pericarp  Diabetes  Hypoglycaemic effect  ALT  alanine aminotransferase  AMPK  AMP-activated protein kinase  AST  aspartate aminotransferase  AUC  area under curve  DM  diabetes mellitus  ELISA  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay  G-6-Pase  glucose-6-phosphatase  GHbA1c  glycated haemoglobin A1c  GK  glucokinase  GLUT2  glucose transporter type 2  GLUT4  glucose transporter type 4  HDL  high-density lipoprotein  HOMA-IR  homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance  HPO  hepatic glucose output  INSR  insulin receptor α  LDL  low-density lipoprotein  LPOPC (A-OPC)  oligomeric procyanidins of litchi pericarp  LSOPC (B-OPC)  oligomeric procyanidins of lotus seedpod  OGTT  oral glucose tolerance test  PDH  pyruvate dehydrogenase  PEPCK  phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase  PFK  phosphofructokinase  PK  pyruvate kinase  PPG  postprandial blood glucose  STZ  streptozotocin  T2DM  type 2 diabetes  TC  total cholesterol  TG  triacylglycerol  

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans  conjugation  expression  phosphofructokinase