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Terrestrial laser scanning  Global navigation satellite system  Deformation monitoring  Hydrothermal monitoring  Frost mound  

cold-region tunnels  frost force  anisotropic frost heave  Drucker-Prager criteria  elasto-plastic solution  

frozen soils  seasonal frozen ground  frost heave  irrigation canal  optimal hydraulic section  

Freeze-thaw cycles  Water supply  Mechanical properties  Triaxial test  Compacted soil