| 题名 | 滦河流域人类活动对大型底栖动物生物完整性的影响 |
| 作者 | 张海萍 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 陈利顶 |
| 关键词 | 流域人类活动 大型底栖动物 景观格局 流域尺度 河段尺度 Human activity in watershed Macroinvertebrate Landscape pattern Watershed scale Reach scale |
| 其他题名 | The impact of human activities on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biological Integrity (B-IBI) in Luan River Basin |
| 学位专业 | 生态学 |
| 中文摘要 | 随着流域内人类活动的持续加强，河流生态系统在点位、河岸带、流域等多个时空尺度上遭受前所未有的干扰与胁迫，而定量识别影响河流（注意河流和流域的区别）生态系统的关键人为因子是流域管理及河流生态修复的重要基础和前提。河流底栖动物能够对多种人类活动胁迫做出综合响应，是河流健康的重要指示物种之一，成为众多科学家和管理者关注的重要生物类群。本研究选择滦河流域为研究区，以表征河流生态系统状况的大型底栖动物生物完整性指数（B-IBI）为分析目标，基于 65个野外样点的筛选布设，采集了大型底栖动物样本，并测量了河段水质、物理生境及底泥特征等等相关因子。此外，在流域尺度上选择了14种景观格局指数，主要包括景观百分比指数、反距离权重指数和空间分布指数。并在此基础上，基于生物数据和不同尺度环境数据，深入对比分析了大型底栖动物生物完整性的多尺度影响因素。主要结论如下： 1）本文主要选择了三类流域景观格局指数：①景观百分比指数，包括 P（流域内土地利用百分比）、B_500m（缓冲区 500m内土地利用百分比）、B_1000m（缓冲区 1000m内土地利用百分比）、B_2000m（缓冲区 2000m内土地利用百分比）、FL_500m（基于水流路径 500m缓冲区内土地利用百分比）、FL_1000m（基于水流路径 1000m缓冲区内土地利用百分比）、FL_2000m（基于水流路径 2000m缓冲区内土地利用百分比）、SP_1km1km（上游 1km缓冲区 1km内土地利用百分比）、SP_1km10km（上游 10km缓冲区 1km内土地利用百分比）；②反距离权重指数，包括基于水流路径的距离出水口反距离加权指数( iFLO_km和iFLO_m）、基于水流路径的距离河流反距离加权指数（iFLS_km和 iFLS_m），iFLO_km和 iFLS_km以 km为距离单位，iFLO_m和 iFLS_m以米为距离单位。③空间分布权重指数 W_SP，主要考虑了不同景观类型的在流域中的空间位置 对 B-IBI的影响。基于滦河流域 65个样点，根据模型显著性，以 R2作为判断依据，景观指数对大型底栖动物的解释能力从大到小依次为：iFLO_km > iFLO_m >FL_2000m > W_SP > SP_1km10km > iFLS_km > FL_1000m。结果表明传统的流域景观格局指数包括流域土地利用百分比和缓冲区土地利用百分比都不能较好地解释大型底栖动物完整性。 2）针对滦河流域受人类干扰较少的样点进行分析，结果表明以 “农田%”为变量的模型解释度从大到小依次为： iFLO_m > FL_1000m > SP_1km10km >SP_1km1km > B_500m > FL_2000m > B_1000m > iFLO_km > iFLS_m。 3）针对集水区面积较小且受人类干扰较小的样点进行分析，结果表明景观指数的解释能力从大到小依次为：W_SP > iFLO_km > iFLO_m > iFLS_km >B_2000m > FL_2000m > SP_1km10km > B_1000m > SP_1km1km > FL_1000m。 4）比较所有指数的解释能力，在三组中稳定性最高的是 iFLO_m，且解释度也较高；欧几里得缓冲区和水流路径距离缓冲区指数稳定性较差，在三组中的解释能力排序不一致；W_SP指数适用于面积较小、流域干扰较小的流域，在这种类型的流域内其解释能力较强。 5）在所有具有统计显著性的回归模型中， “耕地%”是最重要的预测变量，说明相比较其他土地利用方式，农业活动是对滦河流域 B-IBI影响最重要的、景观尺度上的人类活动类型。iFLO_m和 iFLO_km指数中农田%的解释度较高，说明 B-IBI不只受到缓冲区内耕地的影响，而是受到全流域耕地的影响，距离样点越近的耕地影响越大。 6）河段尺度上，在“较为一致”的物理生境和底泥环境中，氨氮是 B-IBI最重要的水质影响因子，而在不同的水化学环境、物理生境和底泥环境组合中，氨氮对 B-IBI的相对影响有所降低，但仍具有重要影响；在水体较为清洁的环境中，“细粒%”是 B-IBI最重要的影响指标，而在被污染水体或污染程度较重水体中，物理生境的作用比水质指标的作用较差，影响程度较低；底泥重金属不是大型底栖动物分布和完整性的限制性因素。 7）采用 RDA对比流域尺度和河段尺度因子对于河流大型底栖动物完整性的影响，结果表明两个尺度因子的解释度较为相近 |
| 英文摘要 | With the increasing density of human activities in watershed, river ecosystems have been sufferring from human threats at multiple scales, ranging from watershed, riparian and site. Identifying the critical scale and the critical factors is essential for watershed management and river restoration. With many advantages, macroinvertebrate has been the widely used taxa in river health assessment and research of the relationship between human activities and river ecosystems. Benthic Macroinvertebrate Index of Biological Integrity (B-IBI) has been a critical index of river health. Based on 65 sampling sites in Luan River Basin, macroinvertebrate was collected by D-shaped net. Reach scale factors were also monitored simultaneously, including water quality, physical habitat characteristics and sediment chemistry indicators.In addition, 14 landscape pattern indices were developed, including landscape index, inverse-distance-weighted index and spatial distribution weighted index. We did comparative analysis of watershed and reach-factors impacting on B-IBI. The main results are as below. 1) Three categories of landscape indices were developed. First, landscape percentage indices included P (percentage land use in watershed)、B_500m (percentage land use in buffer with 500m width), B_1000m (percentage land use in buffer with 1000m width), B_2000m (percentage land use in buffer with 2000m width), FL_500m (percentage land use in buffer with 500m flow length)、FL_1000m (percentage land use in buffer with 1000m flow length),FL_2000m (percentage land use in buffer with 2000m flow length), SP_1km1km (percentagee land use in buffer with 1km width and 1km length) and SP_1km10km (percentage land use in buffer with 1km width and 10km length).②Inverse distance-weighted indices included iFLO_km, iFLO_m, iFLS_km and iFLS_m. iFLO_km and iFLS_km were calculated using km as distance unit. iFLO_m and iFLS_m were calculated using km as distance unit. iFLO_km and iFLO_m considered flow length of a given site to sampling sites. iFLO_m and iFLS_m considered flow length of a given site to streams.③ W_SP considered the relative position of different landscape elements. 1) Based on the dataset of 65 sites, the explanatory abilities of landscape indices to macroinvertebrates were in descending order: iFLO_km > iFLO_m > FL_2000m > W_SP >SP_1km10km > iFLS_km > FL_1000m. The traditional indices, including landscape percentage of different land use for the whole watershed and different buffers, have weak ability of explaining B-IBI. 2) A sub-dataset was developed in the watersheds with less human disturbances. The explanatory abilities of landscape indices to macroinvertebrates were in descending order: iFLO_m > FL_1000m > SP_1km10km > SP_1km1km > B_500m > FL_2000m > B_1000m >iFLO_km > iFLS_m. 3) A sub-dataset was developed in the watersheds with less human disturbances and small watershed areas. The explanatory abilities of landscape indices to macroinvertebrates were in descending order: W_SP > iFLO_km > iFLO_m > iFLS_km > B_2000m > FL_2000m > SP_1km10km > B_1000m > SP_1km1km > FL_1000m. 4)“iFLO_m” was the Most stable index in explaining B-IBI. The indices in describing the landscape percentages in different buffers have the relatively unstable ability. Spatial distribution weighted index explained the largest variance of B-IBI in watersheds with less human disturbances and small watershed areas. 5) “agriculture %” was the most important variable in the regression models, indicating that agriculture activity posed most threats to macroinvertebrate community. The models of iFLO_m and iFLO_km have relatively high explanatory ability, indicating that agriculture land close to river channels has more influences on macroinvertebrate. 6) At reach scale, NH3-N was the most important water quality factor, especially in relatively “good” physical habitat. Fine sediment percentage was most important physical habitat factor in relatively “good” water environment. The heavy metal content in sediment has no significant impact on B-IBI. 7) The watershed- and reach-scale factors have equal explanatory ability to B-IBI. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-07-07 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/15705]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 张海萍. 滦河流域人类活动对大型底栖动物生物完整性的影响[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
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