| 题名 | 家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应研究 |
| 作者 | 孙锌 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-05 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 刘晶茹 |
| 关键词 | 家用空调 反弹效应 生命周期评价 碳足迹 可持续生产与消费 Household air-conditioner rebound effect Life cycle assessment Carbon footprint Sustainable consumption and production |
| 其他题名 | The Life Cycle Rebound Effect of The Household Air-conditioner Consumption |
| 学位专业 | 环境经济与环境管理 |
| 中文摘要 | 政府采取提高能源效率的方式来减少能源消费和降低环境污染，但由于反弹效应的存在，预期的政策目标往往没有得到完全的实现，甚至会产生相反的效果。在能源经济学中，反弹效应是指能源效率的提高使得能源服务的有效价格降低，从而增加了能源服务的需求，进而部分或全部地抵消了预期能源效率提高所导致的能源消费的减少。从产业生态学的角度，反弹效应不只考虑能源的使用，还应考虑到能源消费引发的相关环境影响的变化，即环境影响的反弹效应。反弹效应深入影响着政府政策的制定和家庭消费的选择。本研究以家用空调这一产品为例，计算我国家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应的大小，并为降低这种反弹效应提出政策建议。 首先，本文提出了家庭消费的生命周期反弹效应的概念，并构建了家庭产品或服务消费的生命周期反弹效应的计算模型。以家用空调为案例，通过对比 2013年节能空调对于 5年前不节能空调，建立家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应的计算模型，确定各主要参数选择。 其次，本文依据国际标准 PAS 2050，采用 RCEES 2012和 Ecoinvent 2.1数据库，并运用 SimaPro 7.1软件计算了中国典型家用空调的碳足迹。主要结论为：家用空调生命周期中使用阶段用电产生的碳足迹最大，占 67%；制冷剂的泄漏是除电力使用外第二大碳足迹贡献因素，产生了 23%的碳足迹；生产制造阶段和废物处理阶段的碳足迹分别占 16%和-6%。敏感性分析表明，空调日使用时间、空调年使用季节和制冷剂的泄漏比例是家用空调碳足迹的关键影响因素。 然后，通过调查我国 400户家庭的空调使用和维护情况，得到我国家庭中空调能效等级越高，家庭制冷时日使用空调的时间越长，存在空调消费反弹效应；家庭在空调使用和维护时的环保理念还停留在表层，而且随着空调能效等级的提高，家庭使用和维护空调的环保意识没有显著变化，急需通过宣传和教育转变家庭空调的消费观念和意识，进行可持续的空调消费。 最后，应用家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应计算模型，计算得到家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应大小为 67%。通过情景分析，得到不同情景中均存在家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应，甚至存在回火效应，反弹效应的大小随着空调使用时间的增长，以及家庭所拥有的空调数目的增多而增大。政府要将这种反弹效应纳入在空调相关的节能减排政策的制定中，通过降低空调的运行功率或降低电力的碳足迹因子，尽可能地减少反弹效应，避免回火效应的发生。 |
| 英文摘要 | To achieve reduction in energy use and environmental impacts, most governments are seeking ways to improve energy efficiency. But due to the existence of “rebound effect”, the expected policy goals often haven’t been fully implemented, and even possible have the opposite effects. In energy economics, the rebound effect refers to the idea that some or all of the expected reductions in energy consumption as a result of energy efficiency improvements are offset by an increasing demand for energy services, arising from reductions in the effective price of energy services resulting from those improvements. From an industrial ecology perspective, we are concerned about not only energy use, but also the changes of the relevant environmental impacts which are called the environmental rebound effect. Rebound effect deeply affects government policy making and household consumption choice. This study takes the household air-conditioners, which could embody the energy products, as an example, to calculate the life cycle rebound effect of the household air-conditioners’ consumption, and proposes some policy suggestions to reduce the rebound effect. Firstly, we put forward the concept of the life cycle rebound effect of household evirionmental impact and established the life cycle rebound effect model of the product or service. Taking the household air-conditioner for example, we established the life cycle rebound effect model of the household air-conditioner consumption, by comparing energy-saving air-conditioner that was used now and non-energy-saving air-conditioner that was used 5 years ago, with the main parameters of it determined. Secondly, this paper analyzed the carbon footprint of Chinese typical household air-conditioner by SimaPro software version 7.1 with database RCEES 2012 and Ecoinvent 2.1, based on the international standard of the PAS 2050. Main conclusions are drawn as follows: Electricity in the use stage mainly contributes to the carbon footprint of household air-conditioner by 67%; Refrigerant leakage is the second large carbon footprint contribution factor, which accounts for 23% of the overall carbon footprint. The carbon footprints in the manufacturing and end of life stage account for 16% and - 6% respectively. Based on the sensitivity analysis, such factors as daily using-time, annual using-season and refrigerant leak rates are identified as the key driving forces. Thirdly, through investigating the use and maintenance situation of 400 households which were using air-conditioner, we found that with the improvement of air-conditioner energy efficiency level, there was a longer daily using-time in the household. It confirmed that there was a rebound effect of the household air-conditioner consumption. In the households, their environmental protection awareness of the use and maintenance of air-conditioner were week. And with the improvement of air-conditioner energy efficiency level, there was no significant change of the environmental protection consciousness. We need to transform the consumption concept of the household air-conditioner through the publicity and education, and lead the sustainable consumption of air-conditioner. Finally, with the application of the life cycle rebound effect model of the household air-conditioner consumption, we calculated the life cycle rebound effect of the household air-conditioner consumption is 67%. Through scenario analysis, we found that there was the rebound effect, even the back-fire effect, in each scenario. Along with the increase of using-timeand the number of household air-conditioner, the rebound effect become larger. The government should incorporate the rebound effect in making the energy conservation and emissions reduction policy of the household air-conditioner. The rebound effect would be reduced by lowering the operating power of the air-conditioner, or lowering the carbon footprint factor of power, and the the back-fire effect would be avoided. |
| 公开日期 | 2015-07-07 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.rcees.ac.cn/handle/311016/15697]  |
| 专题 | 生态环境研究中心_城市与区域生态国家重点实验室 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 孙锌. 家庭空调消费的生命周期反弹效应研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
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