Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive and memory loss. The vicious circle between dysfunctional microglia and amyloid-beta (A beta) is a crucial pathological event and accelerates the progression of AD. Herein, a zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (PCB)-based nanoparticle (MCPZFS NP) with normalizing the dysfunctional microglia and A beta recruitment is established for the treatment of AD. Compared with the neural polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nanoparticles (MEPZFS NPs), the MCPZFS NPs significantly alleviate the priming of microglia by decreasing the level of proinflammatory mediators and promoting the secretion of BDNF. Most importantly, quite different from PEG, the PCB-based NPs exhibit the behavior to recruit A beta into microglia, which significantly enhances the A beta phagocytosis. Moreover, the A beta degradation is changed from the conventional lysosomal/autophagy to the proteasomal pathway in the presence of MCPZFS NPs. After the treatment with MCPZFS NPs, the A beta burden, neuron damages, memory deficits, and neuroinflammation of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice are significantly attenuated in the brain. Therefore, the PCB-based MCPZFS NPs have great potential to serve as an "A beta cleaner" and provide a new insight into the therapeutic strategy for AD therapy.