圭表测影与帝国文化

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	圭表测影与帝国文化
	黎耕 ; 孙小淳
刊名	中国科技史杂志
	2011-08
卷号	32 期号:s1 页码:131-141
关键词	圭表测影帝国文化陶寺地中千里差一寸历法
中文摘要	圭表测影不仅是中国古代天文中的基本测量方法，还具有重要的文化意义。圭表测影相较观测日出方位定节气的方法，可适用于更大范围的地域，促进了“地方性”文明向“世界性”文明的转变。陶寺时期同时具备两种测量方法，体现了圭表测影技术对早期国家形成的文化意义。圭表测影还是“惟王建国”测定方向和确定都城位置的重要手段，后者对应于天文学史上延续很久的“地中”概念，反应了国家政治中心的所在。为了国家统治分封疆土的需要，古人确立了“千里差一寸”的标准，这个错误的标准随着帝国版图的扩大，才最终被大范围的测量所推翻。自汉代以降，为满足制定历法这一国家重要职能的需要，圭表测影技术进入精致化发展阶段，并使得测量精度不断提高。
英文摘要	In ancient China, gnomon shadow measurement, as a basic technique for astronomy, was important not only astronomically, but also culturally. Compared to sunrise observation for the determining the seasons of the year, gnomon shadow measurement was valid for a much larger area. Therefore it indicates the transition of civilization from ＂local＂ to ＂universal＂. Archaeoastronomical studies show that both gnomon shadow measurement and sunrise observation were invented during the Taosi Culture period （2300-1900 B. C. ） , which means a certain form of ＂imperial culture＂ had come into existence. Gnomon shadow measurement became a technique for ＂empire-building＂. The rulers applied this technique to the determination of orientations and setting the boundaries of the country. The ＂center of the land＂, which symbolized the ＂center of power＂, was also determined by the gnomon. Changes in the shadow length indicated changes in the location. The Chinese established the law of ＂qian li ca yi curt＂, which means the shadow length would increase or decrease one cun for every thousand li the gnomon was moved to the north or to the south of the ＂center of the land＂. Based on this principle, the Chinese developed a feudal ritual that different sizes of the jade gnomons held by those who had been enfeoffed symbolized the different sizes of their fiefdoms. Since the 1 s, century B. C. , gnomon shadow measurement has played an important role in state-controlled calendar making activities.
学科主题	天文学史
资助信息	中国科学院自然科学史研究所-德国马普学会科学史研究所伙伴小组研究项目（项目编号：0760021602）,国家自然科学基金（项目编号：10873039）,中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向性项目（KJCX2-YW-T15）,美国John Templeton Foundation项目（Grant No.14895）
语种	中文
公开日期	2013-03-19
内容类型	期刊论文
源URL	[http://ir.ihns.ac.cn/handle/311051/2468]
专题	自然科学史研究所_科学技术史_中国古代科技史
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	黎耕,孙小淳. 圭表测影与帝国文化[J]. 中国科技史杂志,2011,32(s1):131-141.
APA	黎耕,&孙小淳.(2011).圭表测影与帝国文化.中国科技史杂志,32(s1),131-141.
MLA	黎耕,et al."圭表测影与帝国文化".中国科技史杂志 32.s1(2011):131-141.