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	Routine turning maneuvers of koi carp cyprinus carpio koi: effects of turning rate on kinematics and hydrodynamics
	Wu, Guanhao1; Yang, Yan2,3; Zeng, Lijiang1
刊名	Journal of experimental biology
	2007-12-15
卷号	210期号:24页码:4379-4389
关键词	Routine turn Single-beat turn Kinematics Particle image velocimetry Hydrodynamics Wake Koi carp Cyprinus carpio koi
ISSN号	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.009787
通讯作者	Wu, guanhao(tophow99@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn)
英文摘要	Spontaneous swimming behaviors of koi carp cyprinus carpio koi were recorded using a video tracking system. routine single-beat turns were selected from the recorded image sequences for kinematic and hydrodynamic analysis. as with c-starts, the turns can be divided into two stages (stage 1 and stage 2), based on kinematics. stage 1 involves a bend to one side forming a c-shaped curve in the body, while stage 2 corresponds to the return flip of the body and tail. the turning angle in stage 1 accounts for the greatest portion of the total turning angle and the mean turning rate in stage 1 reflects the intensity of turn. the effects of the turning rate in stage 1 on both kinematics and hydrodynamics were examined. the duration of stage 1 remained relatively stable over a nearly tenfold change in turning rate. consequently, the turning angle is dominated by the turning rate in stage 1. the turning radius is not related to the swimming speed. moreover, except in very fast turns, the turning radius is also not affected by the turning rate. the angle between the side jet and the carp's initial orientation of a turn does not change substantially with the turning rate, and it is always close to 90 (94.2 +/- 3.1 degrees, n= 41), so the orientation of the side jet in the forthcoming turn can be predicted. the angle between the jet and the line joining the center of mass of the carp and the trailing edge of the tail (mean value in stage 1) is also always close to 90 degrees(95.3 +/- 1.3 degrees, n= 41). it is helpful for the carp to maximize the torque so as to improve the turning efficiency. in stage 1, the impulsive moment obtained from the beat of the body and tail and the mean angular momentum of the carp show an agreement in magnitude. two types of flow patterns in the wake of routine single-beat turns are revealed. the difference between the two types of wakes is in whether or not a vortex ring and a thrust jet are generated in stage 2. the recoil speed of the tail, the bending amplitude of the turn, and the angle of attack of the tail are three probable factors influencing the flow patterns in stage 2.
WOS关键词	TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI ; RAINBOW-TROUT ; CAUDAL FIN ; SCOMBER-JAPONICUS ; ESCAPE MANEUVERS ; SWIMMING SPEED ; WAKE STRUCTURE ; CHUB MACKEREL ; FISH ; FLOW
WOS研究方向	Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics
WOS类目	Biology
语种	英语
出版者	COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD
WOS记录号	WOS:000251627600018
内容类型	期刊论文
URI标识	http://www.corc.org.cn/handle/1471x/2380272
专题	中国科学院大学
通讯作者	Wu, Guanhao
作者单位	1.Tsinghua Univ, Dept Precis Instruments, State Key Lab Precis Measurement Technol & Instru, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China 2.Grad Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Lab Biomech Anim Locat, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China 3.Univ Sci & Technol China, Dept Modern Mech, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	Wu, Guanhao,Yang, Yan,Zeng, Lijiang. Routine turning maneuvers of koi carp cyprinus carpio koi: effects of turning rate on kinematics and hydrodynamics[J]. Journal of experimental biology,2007,210(24):4379-4389.
APA	Wu, Guanhao,Yang, Yan,&Zeng, Lijiang.(2007).Routine turning maneuvers of koi carp cyprinus carpio koi: effects of turning rate on kinematics and hydrodynamics.Journal of experimental biology,210(24),4379-4389.
MLA	Wu, Guanhao,et al."Routine turning maneuvers of koi carp cyprinus carpio koi: effects of turning rate on kinematics and hydrodynamics".Journal of experimental biology 210.24(2007):4379-4389.

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