| 题名 | 山地滴灌条件下保墒措施对土壤水分及枣树生长的影响 |
| 学位类别 | 硕士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2009 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 陕西 |
| 导师 | 汪有科 |
| 学位专业 | 水土保持与荒漠化防治 |
| 中文摘要 | 滴灌是公认的最为节水的灌溉方式之一。本试验将几种不同的保墒措施（对照（CK）、5cm厚度树枝覆盖（T1）、10cm厚度树枝覆盖（T2）、保水剂穴施（T3）、5cm厚度树枝覆盖+保水剂穴施（T4）、10cm厚度树枝覆盖+保水剂穴施（T5））作为滴灌的节水配套措施，研究山地滴灌条件下各种保墒措施对土壤水分和枣树生长的影响，以确定在滴灌条件下各种保墒措施的节水潜力。主要结论如下：(1)保墒措施改变了滴灌条件下土壤湿润体的运移规律。保水剂穴施有助于防止滴灌的深层渗漏，灌水量为35L的滴灌停止时，30-40cm土层的保水剂穴施的湿润体垂直扩散距离为44cm，较对照的小6cm，减幅为12%，滴灌结束后，保水剂穴施的湿润体继续扩散幅度小于对照；在同为35L灌水量的滴灌条件下，树枝覆盖扩大了地表湿润面积，延缓了湿润体表层水分的衰减。滴灌结束后湿润体土壤表层20cm含水量从25.6%衰减到9.6%的过程，CK耗时6天，而5cm树枝覆盖和10cm树枝覆盖耗时分别为9天和13天。(2)树枝覆盖对抑制土壤蒸发的效果明显，其抑蒸效果随着覆盖厚度、土壤含水量、大气潜在蒸发量的增加而增大。在大气潜在蒸发量为8.7mm的裸地条件下，当土壤含水量为8%时， 5cm厚度和10cm厚度树枝覆盖的土壤蒸发量分别为1.6mm和1.4mm，比对照少蒸发30%和 39%；当土壤含水量为16%时，5cm与10cm厚度树枝覆盖的土壤蒸发量为2.7mm和2.2mm，较对照少蒸发58%与66%。在土壤含水量为12%的裸地条件下，当大气潜在蒸发量为5.7mm时，对照的土壤蒸发量为2.8mm，5cm厚度与10cm厚度树枝覆盖比对照分别减少土壤蒸发29%与39%；当大气潜在蒸发量为8.4mm时，对照的土壤蒸发量为5.8mm，5cm与10cm厚度树枝覆盖相比对照分别减少50%与57%。 (3)保墒措施可保持较高的土壤含水量。在裸地条件下，各处理之间的节水效果为：T4、T5>T2>T3>T1。T1、T2、T3、T4、T5在0-100cm土层范围的储水量比对照增加4.6%、7.7%、6.1%、13.0%、12.5%；树枝覆盖对土壤水分影响较明显的范围为0-50cm，其中对0-20cm土层的效果最为显著，保水剂对土壤水分影响较为明显的范围为20-50cm，即保水剂施用层（30-40cm）向上向下各10cm；降雨增加土壤含水量的幅度随着土壤深度的增加而减少；各处理的50-70cm土层的含水量也不同，但差别较小，不能确定其差别是否由于保墒措施引起。枣树地由于根系耗水量的不同，其规律没有裸地明显，而且其差别也不能直接作为保墒措施的效果；树枝覆盖和保水剂穴施的节水效果都很明显，而且两者之间的节水效果没有互相抑制，所以保水剂和树枝覆盖配合使用可以充分发挥各自的节水效应。(4)保墒措施对枣树生长和枣树产量的提高有效。T1、T3、T4、T5处理的枣树单株产量分别较对照高出20.1%、35.4%、46.7%、73.3%，T2处理结果异常是由于试验树选取不当；由于保墒措施增加了土壤的储水量，枣树树干的径粗增长量、一年生枝条的径粗增长量和叶绿素含量较对照提高较为明显，都随着土壤储水量的增加而增加，而叶面积、枣吊长度和新梢长度与土壤储水量高低不一致；树枝覆盖处理可能还具有减缓春季地温回升的负效应。 |
| 英文摘要 | Drip irrigation is publicly recognized one of the most water-saving irrigation.In this experiment,a number of different moisture conservation were taken as matching meatures of drip irrigation(the control(CK), branch coverage of 5cm thickness(T1), branch coverage of 10cm thickness(T1), spot application of water retaining agent(T3), branch coverage of 5cm thickness with spot application of water retaining agent(T4), branch coverage of 10cm thickness with spot application of water retaining agent(T5)).And the paper mainly study on effect of moisture conservation in mountain soil moisture and jujube under drip irrigation.In order to determine water-saving potential of different moisture conservation.And the conclusions are as follows:(1)Measures of moisture conservation can change the movement law of wetted volume under drip irrigation.Spot application of water retaining agent contributes to prevent deep percolation under drip irrigation.After drip irrigation of 35L, the vertical diffusion distance of wetted volume is 44cm under spot application of water retaining agent of depth of 30-40cm,that is 6cm or 12% smaller than the control.After drip irrigation,the wetted volume of spot application of water retaining agent continues to spread smaller than the control.Under drip irrigation of 35L,branch mulching enlarges surface humid area and slow down the attenuation of surface moisture.The moisture attenuation process of 0-20cm soil layer from 25.6% to 9.6% after drip irrigation,the control spent 6 days, branch coverage of 5cm thickness treatment spent 9 days and branch coverage of 10cm thickness spent 13 days. (2)Effect of soil evaporation inhibited by branch mulching is obvious.And the effect increases as the cover thickness and soil moisture and atmospheric potential evaporation increase.Under the bare land of 8.7mm atmospheric potential evaporation.When soil moisture is 8%,the soil evaporation under branch coverage of 5cm and 10cm thickness are 1.6mm and 1.4mm,30% and 39% smaller than the control.when the soil moisture is 16%, the soil evaporation under branch coverage of 5cm and 10cm thickness are 2.7mm and 2.2mm,58% and 66% smaller than the control.Under the bare land of 12% soil moisture.When the atmospheric potential evaporation is 5.7mm,the soil evaporation of the control is 2.8mm,and the quantity decrease by 29% and 39% under branch coverage of 5cm and 10cm thickness. When the atmospheric potential evaporation is 8.4mm,the soil evaporation of the control is 5.8mm,and the quantity decrease by 50% and 57% under branch coverage of 5cm and 10cm thickness. (3)Measures of moisture conservation can maintain a high level of soil moisture.Under the bare land,the effect of water saving by different treatments is: T4、T5>T2>T3>T1.Compared to the control,the water storage of 0-100cm depth increases 4.6% by T1,7.7% by T2,6.1% by T3,13.0% by T4 and 12.5% by T5;The soil water during depth of 0-50cm is effected obviously by branch mulching,and the effect is most obvious during 0-20cm soil layer. Water retaining agent is effective to soil moisture during 20-50cm layer,that is 10cm upwards and 10cm downwards from the layer of application.The increasing extent of soil moisture by precipitation reduces with the deeper soil layer;The soil moisture of 50-70cm layer of various treatments is minor difference.However,and we can not confirm whether the difference is caused by measures of moisture conservation.Different jujubes have different water consumption,so the regulation is not obvious as bare land and the difference is also not regarded as the effect of moisture conservation directly;The water-saving effect of branch mulching and spot application of water retaining agent are both obvious.And the effect is not inhibited each other.So using branch mulching combined with spot application of water retaining agent can full play their water-saving effect. (4) Measures of moisture conservation can increase the jujube growth and production.The yield per plant of T1 is 20.1% more than the control,T3 is 35.4%,T4 is 46.7% and T5 is 73.3%,the reason that T2 is abnormal is the improper choose of jujube;Due to the measures of moisture conservation increase soil water storage,the diameter increment of trunk and annual branch and chlorophyll content improve obviously,however,the leaf area and length of shedding shoot of jujube and shoot are inconsistent with the soil moisture;Besides,branch mulching may have negative effect that slow down temperature rising in spring. |
| 公开日期 | 2011-07-01 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://ir.iswc.ac.cn/handle/361005/4133]  |
| 专题 | 水土保持研究所_水保所知识产出(1956-2013) |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | . 山地滴灌条件下保墒措施对土壤水分及枣树生长的影响[D]. 陕西. 中国科学院研究生院. 2009. |
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