Rapid pyrolysis of oil shale coupled with in-situ upgrading of pyrolysis volatiles over oil shale char was studied in a laboratory two-stage fluidized bed (TSFB) to clarify the shale oil yield and quality and their variations with operating conditions. Rapid pyrolysis of oil shale in fluidized bed (FB) obtained shale oil yield higher than the Fischer Assay oil yield at temperatures of 500-600 degrees C. The highest yield was 12.7 wt% at 500 degrees C and was about 1.3 times of the Fischer Assay oil yield. The heavy fraction (boiling point > 350 degrees C) in shale oil at all temperatures from rapid pyrolysis was above 50%. Adding an upper FB of secondary cracking over oil shale char caused the loss of shale oil but improved its quality. Heavy fraction yield decreased significantly and almost disappeared at temperatures above 550 degrees C, while the corresponding light fraction (boiling point < 350 degrees C) yield dramatically increased. In terms of achieving high light fraction yield, the optimal pyrolysis and also secondary cracking temperatures in TSFB were 600 degrees C, at which the shale oil yield decreased by 17.74% but its light fraction yield of 7.07 wt% increased by 86.11% in comparison with FB pyrolysis. The light fraction yield was higher than that of Fischer Assay at all cases in TSFB. Thus, a rapid pyrolysis of oil shale combined with volatile upgrading was important for producing high-quality shale oil with high yield as well. (C) 2017 The Chemical Industry and Engineering Society of China, and Chemical Industry Press. All rights reserved.