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	“集体”农地、农民税权、福利与乡村自治:基于公民权的考察; Peasants' Collective Land,Tax Right,Social Welfare and Village Autonomy:a Research Based on Citizenship
	林光祺 ; 洪利华
	2014-10-20
关键词	集体 地权 公民权 农业税 社会保障 村级民主 公民自治 the collective land ownership citizenship agricultural tax social security rural democracy civil autonomy
英文摘要	中国农村土地制度研究一直在“集体所有—私有“之间展开争论,其实契约性集体与身份性“集体“的区别远远大于个人与集体之别,如果是契约性的,那么村集体对上可以制约官权、对下可以保障农民个人权益;如果是身份性的,那么“村集体“就是对下制约民权、对上依附官权的国家权力末梢,很可能形成先用强权“化(民)私为公“、再用强权“化公为(官)私“的中转站,最终不管是农民个人利益还是真正的村集体利益,都成为权力刀俎上的鱼肉。目前的体制下,不管是中央“放任“地方的“土地协议批租制“,还是中央“管制“地方的“土地公开拍卖制“,首先都要以“权利制约权力(不管是中央政府权力还是地方政府权力)“为前提,否则只会陷入“国进民退—国退民退官进“的传统怪圈。农业税废除以后,政府对农民的索取仍然超过市民、而对农民的保护仍然弱于市民,以后改革的方向也不仅仅是让农民向“市民“看齐,更重要的是农民应该与“市民“一起争取基本的公民权利:在“无代表不纳税“的基础上实现城乡税制的统一,在“无公开不支付“的基础上实现城乡公共服务与社会福利制度的一体化。要求地权属于农民的消极权利,要求社保属于农民的积极权利,不管是“用土地替代社保“还是“以土地‘交换’社保“,本质上都是对上述两种公民权利的侵犯。即使中国目前的财政收入不足以支撑城乡统一的社保体系,“优先考虑城市人,最后考虑农民“的做法也是不能被任何现代文明所容许的。目前乡村内生性的自组织资源极度缺乏,原子化的农户在与组织化的其他群体发生利益冲突时,往往成为最大的利益受损方。要走出这种困境,首先就应该尊重农民的自组织权利,不论是血缘化、伦理性的宗族权利,还是自由结社、契约化的农会权利,只要以尊重人权为基础,都应该受到比过去更少而不是更多的束缚、更多而不是更少的保护,它首先就有利于农民对自身权益的维护,其次也有利于(或至少无害于)国家民主化进程。; There is a hot discussion as to whether we should persevere in rural collective land ownership or we should privatizing rural land.But actually,the difference between contractual collective and identity "collective"is bigger than difference between individual and collective.If village collective is based on contract,then it can restricting power and guarantee peasants individual rights.If village collective is based on identity,then it can restricting peasants individual rights and depend on power,even using the power to "turning private property into public property"first,then using the power to "turning public property into private property".Finally,whether peasants individual rights or the real village collective rights could be infringed.Under the current system,whether laissez- faire land policy or centralized land policy,the first problem is"use right to restrict power",otherwise we will fall into traditional vicious cycle between "the state advances,the private sector retreats"and "the state and the private sector retreats,government officials get rich quick".After abolishment of agricultural taxes,and the government's deprivation to farmers still more than to citizens,but safeguard to farmers still less than to citizens.The direction of the reform is not just let farmers towards citizens' levels,and more importantly,both farmers and citizens should join hands to strive for basic citizenship.They not only should pursuit of the unity of the urban and rural tax system on the basis of"no taxation without representation",but also should pursuit of the unity of the urban and rural public service system on the basis of "no expenditure without transparency".Land rights is a negative rights to farmers,social security rights is a positive rights to farmers,whether "use land substitute social security"or "use land exchange social security"is a violation of above two kinds of rights.Even if China's current fiscal revenue can't support the integration of urban and rural social security,"give priority to the citizens,and finally consider farmer"is not allowed by any modern civilization.At present,the rural endogenous self- organization resource is very great poverty,atomized farmers often becomes the biggest losers when they clashes with other organizational groups.In order to overcome this dilemma,the government must respect the rights of the farmers' self-organizing in the first place.Whether it's family organization or free association,just respect the human rights,we should admit it,and use it positively.It is first beneficial to farmers maintaining their own interests,also beneficial to promoting process of the national democratization.; 国家社会科学基金项目“中外慈善组织发展史比较研究”(10CSH047)的阶段性成果
语种	zh_CN
内容类型	期刊论文
源URL	[http://dspace.xmu.edu.cn/handle/2288/101802]
专题	公共事务－已发表论文
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	林光祺,洪利华. “集体”农地、农民税权、福利与乡村自治:基于公民权的考察, Peasants' Collective Land,Tax Right,Social Welfare and Village Autonomy:a Research Based on Citizenship[J],2014.
APA	林光祺,&洪利华.(2014).“集体”农地、农民税权、福利与乡村自治:基于公民权的考察..
MLA	林光祺,et al."“集体”农地、农民税权、福利与乡村自治:基于公民权的考察".(2014).

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