| 题名 | 中国爬鳅科和鲈鲤属鱼类的分类与演化研究 |
| 作者 | 王茉 |
| 学位类别 | 博士 |
| 答辩日期 | 2014-11 |
| 授予单位 | 中国科学院研究生院 |
| 授予地点 | 北京 |
| 导师 | 杨君兴 |
| 关键词 | 爬鳅科 鲈鲤属 分子系统发育 几何形态学 生物地理 |
| 其他题名 | Taxonomy and Evolution of Balitoridae and Percocypris in China |
| 中文摘要 | 爬鳅科 Balitoridae隶属于鲤形目 Cypriniformes，是一类小型底栖性鱼类，多数种类栖息于清澈、富氧、急流的环境。体型多为平扁型，部分类群特化出吸盘状结构。爬鳅科分布区覆盖东洋界，共包含32属228种，其中分布于中国的有16属90种。前人关于爬鳅科的分类研究主要基于形态性状的比较，少数分子系统发育研究涉及的属的数目十分有限，各属的单系性和有效性都尚未得到验证、属间关系稳定性差、部分属的划分一直存在较大分歧。 本研究在覆盖了中国爬鳅科所有属并包括所有模式种的情况下，通过多基因联合数据的分析，首次以分子系统发育的手段揭示了中国爬鳅科系统关系的全貌，共获得177个样本 (21属79种) 的3段线粒体基因和5段核基因，序列总长度为8702bp。另外，对426个样本 (16属59种) 进行几何形态学分析 (共18组分析) 和外部形态度量学分析 (共6组分析)。 依据整合分类学的思路，通过分子系统发育和形态学研究相结合的研究手段，对分类问题进行了讨论。主要结论为：验证了爬鳅科的单系性；支持爬鳅科与条鳅科互为姐妹群的观点；支持爬鳅科内两个亚科的划分；阐明了中国爬鳅科各支系间的系统发育关系和每个属的系统地位；验证了华吸鳅属、间吸鳅属、爬岩鳅属、似原吸鳅属和原缨口鳅属的非单系性；解决了爬鳅属和间吸鳅属的划分争议；验证了华平鳅属的有效性；发现了9个新属。 通过分化时间估算和祖先区域推断，对爬鳅科鱼类的演化历史进行了探讨。爬鳅科的祖先起源于古新世的东南亚水系区域，在始新世分化为爬鳅亚科和腹吸鳅亚科。印度板块对欧亚板块的撞击和青藏高原、喜马拉雅山脉的形成造成的东南亚水系变迁可能是导致爬鳅科起源和分化的原因；爬鳅亚科从东南亚水系到达包含现今红河、澜沧江、怒江、金沙江、南盘江等水系的古红河水系，随着青藏高原隆起导致的古水系变迁而发生物种分化；腹吸鳅亚科以西江及其周围水系为中心发生物种分化。对爬鳅科趋同演化和平行演化现象进行了探讨。 鲈鲤属Percocypris隶属于鲤形目Cypriniformes鲤科Cyprinidae，是栖息于大的江河或湖泊的大型淡水肉食性鱼类。鲈鲤属有着特殊的地理格局，即在青藏高原南部的每个主要水系中只分布一种或亚种。本研究通过较全面的取样，基于三个线粒体基因 (16S; COI; Cytb) 和一个核基因 (Rag2) 构建了鲈鲤属鱼类的分子系统发育树。该属的单系性得到证实，其姐妹群为裂腹鱼属，属内各类群之间的系统发育关系得以阐明。结合形态学分析，本研究认为鲈鲤属的分类体系需重新修订，鲈鲤属应包括分布在五个大型河流和一个大型湖泊的六个种。此外，通过分化时间估计和祖先水系推断，提出如下假说：鲈鲤属起源于晚中新世的一个青藏高原东部的古水系。由青藏高原隆起造成的水系格局变化的隔离作用可能在鲈鲤属物种分化过程中起着重要作用。另外，鲈鲤属鱼类的外部形态 (例如鳍长) 和骨骼 (鳍担骨的位置) 等特征与不同栖息环境呈现相关性。 |
| 英文摘要 | The hillstream loaches (Balitoridae, Cypriniformes, Teleostei) are benthic fishes inhabiting swift, clear and well-oxygenated streams and rivers, some of which use the whole body as a sucker-adhesive apparatus. The species of family Balitoridae are widely distributed in oriental realm, containing 228 species in 32 genera, with 90 species in 16 genera distributed in China. Previous studies on the taxonomy of Balitoridae relied mainly on morphological characters. Molecular studies on Balitoridae have utilized only a few genera. The validity and monophyly of many genera are ambiguous; the relationships among the genera of Balitoridae are not clear. This study represents the first phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships of the genera of Balitoridae, including all genera of Balitoridae in China with all type species of each genus. With 177 samples (79 species in 21 genera), the molecular phylogenetic relationships were investigated based on three mitochondrial genes and five nuclear markers (entirety 8702 bp). Furthermore, 426 samples (59 species in 16 genera) were used for eighteen geometric morphometric analyses and six metrical morphometrics analyses. Combined with analyses of molecular phylogeny, geometric morphometric, and metrical morphometrics, taxonomy of Balitoridae were investigated with the insights of Integrative Taxonomy. Main conclusions are summarized as follows: The monophyly of Balitoridae is strongly supported. The placement of Balitoridae as the sister group of Nemacheilidae is tested and supported. The classification of two subfamilies as Balitorinae and Gastromyzoninae is well supported. The interrelationships within Balitoridae and the placement of each genus are assessed. Non-monophyly of Sinogastromyzon, Hemimyzon, Beaufortia, Paraprotomyzon, Vanmanenia are found and tested. The taxonomic dispute of Balitora and Hemimyzon is resolved. The validity of Sinohomaloptera is supported. The reclassification of nine putative genera are suggested. Based on the results of the estimation of divergence times and ancestral area, the evolutionary scenario of Balitoridae is hypothesized. Balitoridae likely originated in the early Paleocene from a paleo drainage system in Southeast Asia; the diversification of Balitorinae and Gastromyzoninae occurred in Eocene. The large-scale morphologies of the paleodrainage basins in the Southeast Asia reacted to the strike-slip of Eurasian-Indian plate and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau was presumably the driver of the origin and divergence of Balitoridae. The ancestor of Balitorinae presumably disperse from the paleodrainage of Southeast Asia to the paleodrainage containing Red River, Upper Yangtze River, Upper Pearl, Mekong and Salween, where the diversification of each genara occurred subsequently. Accordingly, the ancestor of Gastromyzoninae presumably disperse to the paleodrainage containing Pearl and surround drainages, where the diversification of each genara occurred subsequently. In addition, parallel evolution and convergent evolution in Balitoridae are discussed. Fierce predatory freshwater fishes, the species of Percocypris (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) inhabit large rivers or lakes, and have a specific distribution pattern. Only a single species or subspecies occurs in each large-scale drainage basin of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the molecular phylogenetic relationships for all but one of the described subspecies/species of Percocypris were investigated based on three mitochondrial genes (16S; COI; Cytb) and one nuclear marker (Rag2). The results of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses show that Percocypris is a strongly supported monophyletic group and that it is the sister group of Schizothorax. Combined with analyses of morphological characters, our results suggest that Percocypris needs to be reclassified, and we propose that six species be recognized, with corresponding distributions in five main drainages and one lake. |
| 语种 | 中文 |
| 内容类型 | 学位论文 |
| 源URL | [http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10185]  |
| 专题 | 昆明动物研究所_系统进化与生物地理学 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | 王茉. 中国爬鳅科和鲈鲤属鱼类的分类与演化研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014. |
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