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题名	无量山西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor jingdongensis）生境评价：对无量山长臂猿保护与保护区功能区划调整的启示
作者	刘熙
学位类别	硕士
答辩日期	2014-12
授予单位	中国科学院研究生院
授予地点	北京
导师	蒋学龙
关键词	无量山 西黑冠长臂猿 生境评价 3S技术 MaxEnt 长臂猿保护
其他题名	Habitat Evaluation of Western Black Crested Gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Mountain Wuliang
中文摘要	西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor）是主要分布于我国云南的一种小型类人猿，为国家I级重点保护野生动物，CITES附录I物种，被IUCN评估为极度濒危物种（Critically Endangered species, CR）。西黑冠长臂猿在我国主要栖息于云南南亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶林和半湿润常绿阔叶林中，是亚热带森林生态系统保存完好与否的指示物种。无量山位于云南中部，是现今西黑冠长臂猿分布最为集中的区域之一，拥有代表性的南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林。然而，上世纪50-80年代初的毁林开荒、经济作物种植使无量山常绿阔叶林大面积减少且呈片段化分布，直接导致了西黑冠长臂猿种群隔离与数量下降。无量山是目前西黑冠长臂猿种群数量和分布调查最为系统、行为生态学研究最为深入的地区，然而至今还没有一项研究对无量山西黑冠长臂猿的生境开展全面、量化地评价。因此，本研究拟利用3S（RS、GIS、GPS）技术对整个无量山系（西起澜沧江、东至川河，南北涵盖整个无量山国家级自然保护区 面积2234.16 km2进行量化分析，以评估无量山西黑冠长臂猿栖息地现状，为长臂猿保护与保护区规划提供科学依据。 2013年10月16日至2014年3月6日，作者通过Google Earth定位和手持GPS导航，进行了地面实地调查，共获得542个地面样点数据。本研究首先基于这些实地调查数据，运用Arcgis 10.0和ENVI 5.1软件，对拍摄于2014年2月5日、分辨率为1.5m的SPOT 6卫星影像进行目视解译和决策树分类，绘制了最新无量山地表覆被类型图，统计了各类型的斑块数量及面积。然后，将地表覆被类型作为生物因子参与建模，综合生物、物理和人为3类因子共25个环境变量，以及最近两次无量山西黑冠长臂猿种群数量调查中获得的160个出现点，建立了评价无量山西黑冠长臂猿生境的MaxEnt生态位模型。进而对生境适宜度重分类，首次绘制了无量山西黑冠长臂猿的生境适宜度等级图。并根据行为生态学的研究结论，以面积大于1 km2的高质量生境为潜在生境的标准，绘制了无量山西黑冠长臂猿潜在生境分布图；通过将潜在生境与无量山国家级自然保护区边界进行叠加，分析了保护区内各功能区划及保护区外潜在生境面积与分布状况。 遥感影像分类结果表明，研究区域内西黑冠长臂猿最主要生活的植被类型——中山湿性、半湿润常绿阔叶林共有357.48 km2，其中24.08%处于片段化状态，5.41%处于严重破碎化状态，其重要迁移通道近山顶苔藓矮林面积为68.55 km2。MaxEnt生境适宜度预测结果重分类显示，整个无量山系生境适宜度在0.8以上的高质量生境有278.5 km2，人类活动使得高质量生境面积下降了39.09 km2。利用Jackknife检验发现地表覆被类型对生境适宜度贡献率最高，作为单独变量影响最大，且是最不可或缺的环境变量。通过分析生境适宜度影响因子的预测结果反应曲线，本研究得出中山湿性、半湿润常绿阔叶林最适宜长臂猿生存，近山顶苔藓矮林适宜度次之，海拔在2300-2700m范围内生境适宜度达到最大等结论，与行为生态学研究结果相吻合。本研究发现整个无量山系现存潜在生境272.32 km2，根据无量山2群西黑冠长臂猿家域面积（1.6 km2，2.6 km2），整个无量山可以容纳104-170群长臂猿，而该地仅现存87群西黑冠长臂猿。将潜在生境与无量山国家级自然保护区边界叠加分析显示，61.63%（167.83 km2）的潜在生境受到保护区的保护，然而仍有38.37%（104.49 km2）的潜在生境位于保护区外, 其中分布着22群西黑冠长臂猿。 本研究通过利用3S技术和MaxEnt建模对首次整个无量山系的西黑冠长臂猿的生境质量进行了评价，从生态位的角度证明了生境植被对于西黑冠长臂猿保护的重要作用。根据西黑冠长臂猿潜在生境分布状况，本研究提出了相应的保护区边界及保护区功能区划调整建议，指出了需要优先开展生境恢复和生境廊道建设的区域。
英文摘要	The western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) is one of the lesser apes (Family Hylobatidae) that mainly distributed in Yunnan, China. In China, it mainly inhabits in south sub-tropical mid-montane humid evergreen broad-leaved forests and semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forests. Due to habitat loss and fragmentation, the population of western black crested gibbon has sharply declined, therefore was categorized as ‘Critically Endangered’ species on the IUCN Red List. The Wuliang Mountain locates in center of Yunnan province. It contains typical south subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forests. However, the deforestation and economic crops plantation has resulted in decrease and fragmentation of the primary forest in Mt. Wuliang. Mt. Wuliang is the area which has the most systematic investigation on population and distribution, and the behavior ecology studies are also best documented among all western black crested gibbons. To date, research which directs to comprehensively and quantitatively evaluate the habitat quality of the western black crested gibbon in Mt. Wuliang is absence. This research aims to apply 3S (RS, GIS and GPS) technology to quantitatively analyze the habit quality of the western black crested gibbon in whole Wuliang Mountain (2234.16 km2) for the first time. The field work of this study was conducted between October 2013 and March 2014, and a total of 542 land cover type data were collected. Then, SPOT 6 satellite image which was shot at Feb.5, 2014 at 1.5 m resolution was interpreted by visual interpretation and decision tree methods on base of field investigation data. So that the latest land cover map of Mt. Wuliang was produced. In order to evaluate the habitat suitability of the western black crested gibbon in Mt. Wuliang, a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) niche model which combined land cover information, 19 bioclims, physical factors (elevation, aspect, slope) and human activities (villages, roads) was built. Totally, 25 environmental variables and 160 occurrence records were used to build the model. Based on the conclusion of behaviour ecology, this research defined the high quality habitat which has the area more than common crested gibbon’s home range (i.e. >1 km2) as the potential habitat of western black crested gibbon. Then, we depicted the distribution map of potential habitat. In order to analyze the distribution of potential habitat in different function zones, and to detect prior protect area, a GAP analysis was finally implemented. According to the interpretation of SPOT 6 image, the area of mid-montane humid evergreen broadleaved forests and semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forests which was mainly inhabited by western black crested gibbon in Mt. Wuliang is 357.48 km2, of which 24.08% is fragmented and 5.41% is extremely fragmented. The area of mossy dwarf forests is 68.55 km2. MaxEnt niche modelling reclassification result showed the area of high quality habitat, which has a habitat possibility index more than 0.8 was 278.5 km2. Human activities led to the decline of high quality habitat for 39.09 km2. Jackknife test indicates that the land cover type contributes the most to habitat suitability, and it is also the most important unique and indispensable variable. Through reaction curve analysis of impact factors, this research found that mid-montane humid evergreen broadleaved forests and semi-humid evergreen broadleaved forests are most suitable vegetation types for western black crested gibbon. Mossy dwarf forests took second place. And elevation between 2300 to 2700m had the highest habitat suitability. All these conclusions are in accordance with behavior ecology researches. The total areas of potential habitats in Mt. Wuliang are 272.32 km2. And their environmental capacity are 104-170 groups according to the home range（1.6 km2，2.6 km2） of studies on 2 groups in Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang. But only 87 group survival now. 61.63% (167.83 km2) of potential habitat is under the
语种	中文
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.26:8080/handle/152453/10089]
专题	昆明动物研究所_兽类生态与进化
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	刘熙. 无量山西黑冠长臂猿（Nomascus concolor jingdongensis）生境评价：对无量山长臂猿保护与保护区功能区划调整的启示[D]. 北京. 中国科学院研究生院. 2014.

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