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题名	墨头鱼属（Garra Garra ）鱼类系统发育及生物地理学研究
作者	王伟营
学位类别	博士
答辩日期	2012-11
授予单位	中国科学院大学
授予地点	北京
导师	杨君兴 ; 陈小勇
关键词	墨头鱼属 系统分类学 系统发育 生物地理
其他题名	Phylogenetics and biogeography of genus Garra
学位专业	动物学
中文摘要	野鲮亚科（Labeoninae）鱼类是一群对流水环境具有特殊适应性的鲤科（Cyprindae）鱼类。广泛分布于亚洲和非洲的热带及亚热带地区。到目前为止大约有36属400多种，占整个鲤科鱼类的14%左右，其中大部分种类集中在青藏高原南缘以及非洲的低纬度地区，也正是由于其独特的适应急流生活的口唇特征，该亚科鱼类被认为是随着青藏高原隆起进化而成的一个大类群。墨头鱼属为该亚科中口唇非常特化而且多样性非常丰富的一大类群，但口唇形态的多样化也带来了分类上的诸多不便，再加上趋同进化的影响，给传统的分类和探索种间系统发育关系带来困难。 本研究提取了19种分布于中国境内的墨头鱼属鱼类基因组DNA，通过PCR扩增获得了两个线粒体（cyt b和COI）和两个核基因（RAG1和IRBP）的序列，结合已发表的21种分布于其他地区的墨头鱼属鱼类序列，进行了分子系统发育分析和生物地理学的研究。结果显示原来所认为的墨头鱼属被分在了两个亚族内，并可以进一步被划分成三个分支。根据目前已知的化石发现时间和物种现在的分布范围，本研究进行了祖先分布区的预测，结果表明野鲮亚科鱼类可能起源于中新世早期的澜沧江下游，且在中新世中期就曾经扩散到非洲，但是非洲现生的野鲮类和墨头鱼类则是在晚中新世扩散进入的。本研究还重点讨论了野鲮亚科4个亚族的起源和生物地理学过程，并据此推测了云南六大水系从中新世到更新世期间的历史变迁情况。 本论文对在中国境内分布的21种267尾墨头鱼属标本进行形态测量比较，特别对其口吸盘特征及其发育过程进行了深入的研究。墨头鱼属的口吸盘是进行形态分类的重要依据，但是传统的形态分类结果与分子系统发育的结果并不一致，因此有些学者认为其口吸盘特征是趋同进化的结果，并不能反映出物种进化的历史和物种间的系统发育关系，但是本研究通过对口吸盘详细的比较，发现墨头鱼类的口吸盘实际上是可以反映出其真实的系统发育关系的，特别是根据口吸盘的发育过程，可以将原来所认为的墨头鱼属鱼类划分为三大类群，该结果与分子系统发育结果相吻合，因此原来所认为的墨头鱼属实际上包含了三个属：墨头鱼属（Garra），以东方墨头鱼（G. orientalis）为代表，广泛分布在亚洲和非洲的低纬度地区；盆唇鱼属（Placocheilus），以无须盆唇鱼（P. imberba）为代表，主要分布在中国云南怒江和怒江以东各水系及海南岛昌江水系；原墨头鱼属（Protogarra, new genus），以条纹原墨头鱼（P. fasciacauda）为代表，只分布在澜沧江下游（湄公河）。本文对每个属所包含的物种进行了详细描述和比较，并列出检索表。 无须墨头鱼是墨头鱼属中为数不多的广布种，主要分布在中国的西南部及海南岛，本研究使用的96个样品采自28个不同地点并测得两个线粒体基因（cyt b和D-loop）序列，分子系统发育分析结果显示出了极强的地理相关性，但却跟传统的形态分类相冲突。因此，作者对分布于各水系的128个无须墨头鱼及其相近种进行形态特征的测量和比较，结果显示各水系之间的样品在形态上并没有显著差异。据此，本研究认为来自金沙江、南盘江、元江、李仙江、南利河、澜沧江和海南岛昌江水系的无须墨头鱼应该属于同一个种。根据分歧时间估计，无须墨头鱼的形成和扩散是发生在上新世以后，特别是更新世。
英文摘要	Labeoninae is a subfamily of Cyprinidae, adapting to fast flowing waters and widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Africa. Till now, there are about 36 genera and more than 400 species, account for about 14% of the whole family. Most of them are distributed in the south of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the low latitude areas of Africa. It was thought to be related with the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau because of the diverse mouth structure. But sometimes, the more diverse of the mouth, the more difficult to make a classification or explore the phylogenetic relationship among them, especially when the convergent evolution happened. The genomic DNA of 19 Garra species distributed in China was extracted from plevic fins, two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes were used as DNA markers, with the published sequences of 21 species of Garra, the molecular phylogenetic analyses and the biogeographic analyses were carried out. The results showed that the former Garra distributed in two clades, and can be further divided into three lineages. Based on the fossil records and distribution, this paper also reconstructed the ancestral area, the results showed that the Labeoninae may have an early Miocene origin in Mekong River and dispersed into Africa in middle Miocene, but the Labeo species live in Africa nowadays actually originated in late Miocene. This study also discussed the origin and migration of the 4 subtribes and inferred the change history of 6 river systems between Miocene and Pleistocene in Yunnan, China. 267 samples of 21 Garra species were measured, especially for the structures and development process of the sucking disk. It is a very important character in defining a new species, but the traditional classification was not accordance with the results of molecular analyses which was attributed to the convergent or parallel evolution. In this study, the morphological characters and development process of the sucking disk of each species was compared carefully and the former Garra can be devided into three different groups which is consistent with the molecular analyses. So, the former genus Garra actually consist of three genera: Garra, represented by G. orientalis, widely distributed in the lower latitude of Asia and Africa; Placocheilus, represented by P. imberba, distributed in Salween River to the east of the upper Pearl River and Changjiang River in Hainna Island; Protogarra, reprensented by P. fasciacauda, only distributed in Mekong River. We also described each species and the identification keys of each genus. Garra imberba is one of the most widely distributed species of the genus, mainly distributed in the southwest of China as well as Hainan Island. We collected 96 samples from 28 localities; two mitochondrial genes were sequenced for molecular analyses. The results showed a clear pattern well correlated to geographic distribution, but conflict with the traditional classification. To testify the results of the molecular phylogenetic analyses, 128 materials from 6 river systems of China were measured. The results showed that there is no significant difference among fishes from different river systems. Based on the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses, we treat Garra imberba from Yangtze, Nanpanjiang, Red, Lixianjiang, Nanlihe, Mekong Rivers and Hainan Island as the same species. With the divergent time estimation, the origin and dispersion of G. imberba was occurred after Pliocene, especially in Pleistocene.
语种	中文
公开日期	2012-12-10
内容类型	学位论文
源URL	[http://159.226.149.42:8088/handle/152453/7132]
专题	昆明动物研究所_系统进化与生物地理学 昆明动物研究所_东南亚野生动物多样性
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	王伟营. 墨头鱼属（Garra Garra ）鱼类系统发育及生物地理学研究[D]. 北京. 中国科学院大学. 2012.

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